googletest-printers-test.cc

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// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework
//
// This file tests the universal value printer.

#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <deque>
#include <forward_list>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"

// Some user-defined types for testing the universal value printer.

// An anonymous enum type.
enum AnonymousEnum {
  kAE1 = -1,
  kAE2 = 1
};

// An enum without a user-defined printer.
enum EnumWithoutPrinter {
  kEWP1 = -2,
  kEWP2 = 42
};

// An enum with a << operator.
enum EnumWithStreaming {
  kEWS1 = 10
};

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, EnumWithStreaming e) {
  return os << (e == kEWS1 ? "kEWS1" : "invalid");
}

// An enum with a PrintTo() function.
enum EnumWithPrintTo {
  kEWPT1 = 1
};

void PrintTo(EnumWithPrintTo e, std::ostream* os) {
  *os << (e == kEWPT1 ? "kEWPT1" : "invalid");
}

// A class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.
class BiggestIntConvertible {
 public:
  operator ::testing::internal::BiggestInt() const { return 42; }
};

// A user-defined unprintable class template in the global namespace.
template <typename T>
class UnprintableTemplateInGlobal {
 public:
  UnprintableTemplateInGlobal() : value_() {}
 private:
  T value_;
};

// A user-defined streamable type in the global namespace.
class StreamableInGlobal {
 public:
  virtual ~StreamableInGlobal() {}
};

inline void operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const StreamableInGlobal& /* x */) {
  os << "StreamableInGlobal";
}

void operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const StreamableInGlobal* /* x */) {
  os << "StreamableInGlobal*";
}

namespace foo {

// A user-defined unprintable type in a user namespace.
class UnprintableInFoo {
 public:
  UnprintableInFoo() : z_(0) { memcpy(xy_, "\xEF\x12\x0\x0\x34\xAB\x0\x0", 8); }
  double z() const { return z_; }
 private:
  char xy_[8];
  double z_;
};

// A user-defined printable type in a user-chosen namespace.
struct PrintableViaPrintTo {
  PrintableViaPrintTo() : value() {}
  int value;
};

void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintTo& x, ::std::ostream* os) {
  *os << "PrintableViaPrintTo: " << x.value;
}

// A type with a user-defined << for printing its pointer.
struct PointerPrintable {
};

::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,
                           const PointerPrintable* /* x */) {
  return os << "PointerPrintable*";
}

// A user-defined printable class template in a user-chosen namespace.
template <typename T>
class PrintableViaPrintToTemplate {
 public:
  explicit PrintableViaPrintToTemplate(const T& a_value) : value_(a_value) {}

  const T& value() const { return value_; }
 private:
  T value_;
};

template <typename T>
void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<T>& x, ::std::ostream* os) {
  *os << "PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: " << x.value();
}

// A user-defined streamable class template in a user namespace.
template <typename T>
class StreamableTemplateInFoo {
 public:
  StreamableTemplateInFoo() : value_() {}

  const T& value() const { return value_; }
 private:
  T value_;
};

template <typename T>
inline ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,
                                  const StreamableTemplateInFoo<T>& x) {
  return os << "StreamableTemplateInFoo: " << x.value();
}

// A user-defined streamable but recursivly-defined container type in
// a user namespace, it mimics therefore std::filesystem::path or
// boost::filesystem::path.
class PathLike {
 public:
  struct iterator {
    typedef PathLike value_type;

    iterator& operator++();
    PathLike& operator*();
  };

  using value_type = char;
  using const_iterator = iterator;

  PathLike() {}

  iterator begin() const { return iterator(); }
  iterator end() const { return iterator(); }

  friend ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const PathLike&) {
    return os << "Streamable-PathLike";
  }
};

}  // namespace foo

namespace testing {
namespace gtest_printers_test {

using ::std::deque;
using ::std::list;
using ::std::make_pair;
using ::std::map;
using ::std::multimap;
using ::std::multiset;
using ::std::pair;
using ::std::set;
using ::std::vector;
using ::testing::PrintToString;
using ::testing::internal::FormatForComparisonFailureMessage;
using ::testing::internal::ImplicitCast_;
using ::testing::internal::NativeArray;
using ::testing::internal::RelationToSourceReference;
using ::testing::internal::Strings;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings;

// Prints a value to a string using the universal value printer.  This
// is a helper for testing UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() for various types.
template <typename T>
std::string Print(const T& value) {
  ::std::stringstream ss;
  UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, &ss);
  return ss.str();
}

// Prints a value passed by reference to a string, using the universal
// value printer.  This is a helper for testing
// UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print() for various types.
template <typename T>
std::string PrintByRef(const T& value) {
  ::std::stringstream ss;
  UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print(value, &ss);
  return ss.str();
}

// Tests printing various enum types.

TEST(PrintEnumTest, AnonymousEnum) {
  EXPECT_EQ("-1", Print(kAE1));
  EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(kAE2));
}

TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithoutPrinter) {
  EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(kEWP1));
  EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(kEWP2));
}

TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithStreaming) {
  EXPECT_EQ("kEWS1", Print(kEWS1));
  EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithStreaming>(0)));
}

TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithPrintTo) {
  EXPECT_EQ("kEWPT1", Print(kEWPT1));
  EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithPrintTo>(0)));
}

// Tests printing a class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.

TEST(PrintClassTest, BiggestIntConvertible) {
  EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(BiggestIntConvertible()));
}

// Tests printing various char types.

// char.
TEST(PrintCharTest, PlainChar) {
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print('\0'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print('\''));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print('"'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print('?'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print('\\'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\a' (7)", Print('\a'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\b' (8)", Print('\b'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print('\f'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print('\n'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print('\r'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\t' (9)", Print('\t'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print('\v'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\x7F' (127)", Print('\x7F'));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print('\xFF'));
  EXPECT_EQ("' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(' '));
  EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", Print('a'));
}

// signed char.
TEST(PrintCharTest, SignedChar) {
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<signed char>('\0')));
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\xCE' (-50)",
            Print(static_cast<signed char>(-50)));
}

// unsigned char.
TEST(PrintCharTest, UnsignedChar) {
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('\0')));
  EXPECT_EQ("'b' (98, 0x62)",
            Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('b')));
}

TEST(PrintCharTest, Char16) {
  EXPECT_EQ("U+0041", Print(u'A'));
}

TEST(PrintCharTest, Char32) {
  EXPECT_EQ("U+0041", Print(U'A'));
}

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
TEST(PrintCharTest, Char8) {
  EXPECT_EQ("U+0041", Print(u8'A'));
}
#endif

// Tests printing other simple, built-in types.

// bool.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {
  EXPECT_EQ("false", Print(false));
  EXPECT_EQ("true", Print(true));
}

// wchar_t.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Wchar_t) {
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\0'", Print(L'\0'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print(L'\''));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print(L'"'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print(L'?'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print(L'\\'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\a' (7)", Print(L'\a'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\b' (8)", Print(L'\b'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print(L'\f'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print(L'\n'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print(L'\r'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\t' (9)", Print(L'\t'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print(L'\v'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x7F' (127)", Print(L'\x7F'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xFF' (255)", Print(L'\xFF'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(L' '));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'a' (97, 0x61)", Print(L'a'));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x576' (1398)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0x576)));
  EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xC74D' (51021)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xC74D)));
}

// Test that int64_t provides more storage than wchar_t.
TEST(PrintTypeSizeTest, Wchar_t) {
  EXPECT_LT(sizeof(wchar_t), sizeof(int64_t));
}

// Various integer types.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Integer) {
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>(255)));  // uint8
  EXPECT_EQ("'\\x80' (-128)", Print(static_cast<signed char>(-128)));  // int8
  EXPECT_EQ("65535", Print(std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()));  // uint16
  EXPECT_EQ("-32768", Print(std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min()));  // int16
  EXPECT_EQ("4294967295",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()));  // uint32
  EXPECT_EQ("-2147483648",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min()));  // int32
  EXPECT_EQ("18446744073709551615",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()));  // uint64
  EXPECT_EQ("-9223372036854775808",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min()));  // int64
#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
  EXPECT_EQ("U+0000",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<char8_t>::min()));  // char8_t
  EXPECT_EQ("U+00FF",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<char8_t>::max()));  // char8_t
#endif
  EXPECT_EQ("U+0000",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<char16_t>::min()));  // char16_t
  EXPECT_EQ("U+FFFF",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<char16_t>::max()));  // char16_t
  EXPECT_EQ("U+0000",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<char32_t>::min()));  // char32_t
  EXPECT_EQ("U+FFFFFFFF",
            Print(std::numeric_limits<char32_t>::max()));  // char32_t
}

// Size types.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Size_t) {
  EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(sizeof('a')));  // size_t.
#if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  // Windows has no ssize_t type.
  EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(static_cast<ssize_t>(-2)));  // ssize_t.
#endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
}

// Floating-points.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, FloatingPoints) {
  EXPECT_EQ("1.5", Print(1.5f));   // float
  EXPECT_EQ("-2.5", Print(-2.5));  // double
}

// Since ::std::stringstream::operator<<(const void *) formats the pointer
// output differently with different compilers, we have to create the expected
// output first and use it as our expectation.
static std::string PrintPointer(const void* p) {
  ::std::stringstream expected_result_stream;
  expected_result_stream << p;
  return expected_result_stream.str();
}

// Tests printing C strings.

// const char*.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, Const) {
  const char* p = "World";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"World\"", Print(p));
}

// char*.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, NonConst) {
  char p[] = "Hi";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"Hi\"",
            Print(static_cast<char*>(p)));
}

// NULL C string.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, Null) {
  const char* p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests that C strings are escaped properly.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {
  const char* p = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
            "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\"",
            Print(p));
}

// MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
// of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
// would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
// possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
// memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
// wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)

// const wchar_t*.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Const) {
  const wchar_t* p = L"World";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"World\"", Print(p));
}

// wchar_t*.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, NonConst) {
  wchar_t p[] = L"Hi";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"Hi\"",
            Print(static_cast<wchar_t*>(p)));
}

// NULL wide C string.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Null) {
  const wchar_t* p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests that wide C strings are escaped properly.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {
  const wchar_t s[] = {'\'', '"', '?', '\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r',
                       '\t', '\v', 0xD3, 0x576, 0x8D3, 0xC74D, ' ', 'a', '\0'};
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s) + " pointing to L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
            "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\"",
            Print(static_cast<const wchar_t*>(s)));
}
#endif  // native wchar_t

// Tests printing pointers to other char types.

// signed char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, SignedChar) {
  signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const signed char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstSignedChar) {
  signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// unsigned char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, UnsignedChar) {
  unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const unsigned char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstUnsignedChar) {
  const unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
// char8_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, Char8) {
  char8_t* p = reinterpret_cast<char8_t*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const char8_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstChar8) {
  const char8_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const char8_t*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}
#endif

// char16_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, Char16) {
  char16_t* p = reinterpret_cast<char16_t*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const char16_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstChar16) {
  const char16_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const char16_t*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// char32_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, Char32) {
  char32_t* p = reinterpret_cast<char32_t*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const char32_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstChar32) {
  const char32_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const char32_t*>(0x1234);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests printing pointers to simple, built-in types.

// bool*.
TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {
  bool* p = reinterpret_cast<bool*>(0xABCD);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// void*.
TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Void) {
  void* p = reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xABCD);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const void*.
TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, ConstVoid) {
  const void* p = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0xABCD);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests printing pointers to pointers.
TEST(PrintPointerToPointerTest, IntPointerPointer) {
  int** p = reinterpret_cast<int**>(0xABCD);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
  p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests printing (non-member) function pointers.

void MyFunction(int /* n */) {}

TEST(PrintPointerTest, NonMemberFunctionPointer) {
  // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
  // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
  // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
  // this limitation.
  EXPECT_EQ(
      PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
          reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(&MyFunction))),
      Print(&MyFunction));
  int (*p)(bool) = NULL;  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// An assertion predicate determining whether a one string is a prefix for
// another.
template <typename StringType>
AssertionResult HasPrefix(const StringType& str, const StringType& prefix) {
  if (str.find(prefix, 0) == 0)
    return AssertionSuccess();

  const bool is_wide_string = sizeof(prefix[0]) > 1;
  const char* const begin_string_quote = is_wide_string ? "L\"" : "\"";
  return AssertionFailure()
      << begin_string_quote << prefix << "\" is not a prefix of "
      << begin_string_quote << str << "\"\n";
}

// Tests printing member variable pointers.  Although they are called
// pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
// Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
// printed as raw bytes.

struct Foo {
 public:
  virtual ~Foo() {}
  int MyMethod(char x) { return x + 1; }
  virtual char MyVirtualMethod(int /* n */) { return 'a'; }

  int value;
};

TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberVariablePointer) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::value),
                        Print(sizeof(&Foo::value)) + "-byte object "));
  int Foo::*p = NULL;  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
                        Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests printing member function pointers.  Although they are called
// pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
// Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
// printed as raw bytes.
TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberFunctionPointer) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyMethod),
                        Print(sizeof(&Foo::MyMethod)) + "-byte object "));
  EXPECT_TRUE(
      HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyVirtualMethod),
                Print(sizeof((&Foo::MyVirtualMethod))) + "-byte object "));
  int (Foo::*p)(char) = NULL;  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
                        Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests printing C arrays.

// The difference between this and Print() is that it ensures that the
// argument is a reference to an array.
template <typename T, size_t N>
std::string PrintArrayHelper(T (&a)[N]) {
  return Print(a);
}

// One-dimensional array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, OneDimensionalArray) {
  int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Two-dimensional array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, TwoDimensionalArray) {
  int a[2][5] = {
    { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 },
    { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 }
  };
  EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 } }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Array of const elements.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstArray) {
  const bool a[1] = { false };
  EXPECT_EQ("{ false }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// char array without terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, CharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul) {
  // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.
  char a[] = { 'H', '\0', 'i' };
  EXPECT_EQ("\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// const char array with terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul) {
  const char a[] = "\0Hi";
  EXPECT_EQ("\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// const wchar_t array without terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, WCharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul) {
  // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.
  const wchar_t a[] = { L'H', L'\0', L'i' };
  EXPECT_EQ("L\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// wchar_t array with terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, WConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul) {
  const wchar_t a[] = L"\0Hi";
  EXPECT_EQ("L\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
// char8_t array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, Char8Array) {
  const char8_t a[] = u8"Hello, world!";
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+0077, "
      "U+006F, U+0072, U+006C, U+0064, U+0021, U+0000 }",
      PrintArrayHelper(a));
}
#endif

// char16_t array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, Char16Array) {
  const char16_t a[] = u"Hello, 世界";
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
      "U+754C, U+0000 }",
      PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// char32_t array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, Char32Array) {
  const char32_t a[] = U"Hello, 世界";
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
      "U+754C, U+0000 }",
      PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Array of objects.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, ObjectArray) {
  std::string a[3] = {"Hi", "Hello", "Ni hao"};
  EXPECT_EQ("{ \"Hi\", \"Hello\", \"Ni hao\" }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Array with many elements.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, BigArray) {
  int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }",
            PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Tests printing ::string and ::std::string.

// ::std::string.
TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {
  const char s[] = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
  const ::std::string str(s, sizeof(s));
  EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",
            Print(str));
}

TEST(PrintStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex) {
  // "\x6BANANA" is ambiguous, it can be interpreted as starting with either of:
  // '\x6', '\x6B', or '\x6BA'.

  // a hex escaping sequence following by a decimal digit
  EXPECT_EQ("\"0\\x12\" \"3\"", Print(::std::string("0\x12" "3")));
  // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (lower-case)
  EXPECT_EQ("\"mm\\x6\" \"bananas\"", Print(::std::string("mm\x6" "bananas")));
  // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (upper-case)
  EXPECT_EQ("\"NOM\\x6\" \"BANANA\"", Print(::std::string("NOM\x6" "BANANA")));
  // a hex escaping sequence following by a non-xdigit
  EXPECT_EQ("\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::string("!\x5-!")));
}

// Tests printing ::std::wstring.
#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
// ::std::wstring.
TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {
  const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";
  const ::std::wstring str(s, sizeof(s)/sizeof(wchar_t));
  EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"
            "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",
            Print(str));
}

TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex) {
  // same for wide strings.
  EXPECT_EQ("L\"0\\x12\" L\"3\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"0\x12" L"3")));
  EXPECT_EQ("L\"mm\\x6\" L\"bananas\"",
            Print(::std::wstring(L"mm\x6" L"bananas")));
  EXPECT_EQ("L\"NOM\\x6\" L\"BANANA\"",
            Print(::std::wstring(L"NOM\x6" L"BANANA")));
  EXPECT_EQ("L\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"!\x5-!")));
}
#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
TEST(PrintStringTest, U8String) {
  std::u8string str = u8"Hello, world!";
  EXPECT_EQ(str, str);  // Verify EXPECT_EQ compiles with this type.
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+0077, "
      "U+006F, U+0072, U+006C, U+0064, U+0021 }",
      Print(str));
}
#endif

TEST(PrintStringTest, U16String) {
  std::u16string str = u"Hello, 世界";
  EXPECT_EQ(str, str);  // Verify EXPECT_EQ compiles with this type.
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
      "U+754C }",
      Print(str));
}

TEST(PrintStringTest, U32String) {
  std::u32string str = U"Hello, 世界";
  EXPECT_EQ(str, str);  // Verify EXPECT_EQ compiles with this type.
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
      "U+754C }",
      Print(str));
}

// Tests printing types that support generic streaming (i.e. streaming
// to std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> for any valid Char and
// CharTraits types).

// Tests printing a non-template type that supports generic streaming.

class AllowsGenericStreaming {};

template <typename Char, typename CharTraits>
std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
    const AllowsGenericStreaming& /* a */) {
  return os << "AllowsGenericStreaming";
}

TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, NonTemplateType) {
  AllowsGenericStreaming a;
  EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreaming", Print(a));
}

// Tests printing a template type that supports generic streaming.

template <typename T>
class AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate {};

template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
    const AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<T>& /* a */) {
  return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate";
}

TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TemplateType) {
  AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<int> a;
  EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate", Print(a));
}

// Tests printing a type that supports generic streaming and can be
// implicitly converted to another printable type.

template <typename T>
class AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate {
 public:
  operator bool() const { return false; }
};

template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
    const AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<T>& /* a */) {
  return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate";
}

TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TypeImplicitlyConvertible) {
  AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<int> a;
  EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate", Print(a));
}

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_STRING_VIEW

// Tests printing internal::StringView.

TEST(PrintStringViewTest, SimpleStringView) {
  const internal::StringView sp = "Hello";
  EXPECT_EQ("\"Hello\"", Print(sp));
}

TEST(PrintStringViewTest, UnprintableCharacters) {
  const char str[] = "NUL (\0) and \r\t";
  const internal::StringView sp(str, sizeof(str) - 1);
  EXPECT_EQ("\"NUL (\\0) and \\r\\t\"", Print(sp));
}

#endif  // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_STRING_VIEW

// Tests printing STL containers.

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, EmptyDeque) {
  deque<char> empty;
  EXPECT_EQ("{}", Print(empty));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NonEmptyDeque) {
  deque<int> non_empty;
  non_empty.push_back(1);
  non_empty.push_back(3);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 3 }", Print(non_empty));
}


TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneElementHashMap) {
  ::std::unordered_map<int, char> map1;
  map1[1] = 'a';
  EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, 'a' (97, 0x61)) }", Print(map1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiMap) {
  ::std::unordered_multimap<int, bool> map1;
  map1.insert(make_pair(5, true));
  map1.insert(make_pair(5, false));

  // Elements of hash_multimap can be printed in any order.
  const std::string result = Print(map1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(result == "{ (5, true), (5, false) }" ||
              result == "{ (5, false), (5, true) }")
                  << " where Print(map1) returns \"" << result << "\".";
}



TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashSet) {
  ::std::unordered_set<int> set1;
  set1.insert(1);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1 }", Print(set1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiSet) {
  const int kSize = 5;
  int a[kSize] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };
  ::std::unordered_multiset<int> set1(a, a + kSize);

  // Elements of hash_multiset can be printed in any order.
  const std::string result = Print(set1);
  const std::string expected_pattern = "{ d, d, d, d, d }";  // d means a digit.

  // Verifies the result matches the expected pattern; also extracts
  // the numbers in the result.
  ASSERT_EQ(expected_pattern.length(), result.length());
  std::vector<int> numbers;
  for (size_t i = 0; i != result.length(); i++) {
    if (expected_pattern[i] == 'd') {
      ASSERT_NE(isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(result[i])), 0);
      numbers.push_back(result[i] - '0');
    } else {
      EXPECT_EQ(expected_pattern[i], result[i]) << " where result is "
                                                << result;
    }
  }

  // Makes sure the result contains the right numbers.
  std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
  std::sort(a, a + kSize);
  EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(a, a + kSize, numbers.begin()));
}


TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, List) {
  const std::string a[] = {"hello", "world"};
  const list<std::string> strings(a, a + 2);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\", \"world\" }", Print(strings));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Map) {
  map<int, bool> map1;
  map1[1] = true;
  map1[5] = false;
  map1[3] = true;
  EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, true), (3, true), (5, false) }", Print(map1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiMap) {
  multimap<bool, int> map1;
  // The make_pair template function would deduce the type as
  // pair<bool, int> here, and since the key part in a multimap has to
  // be constant, without a templated ctor in the pair class (as in
  // libCstd on Solaris), make_pair call would fail to compile as no
  // implicit conversion is found.  Thus explicit typename is used
  // here instead.
  map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 0));
  map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 1));
  map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(false, 2));
  EXPECT_EQ("{ (false, 2), (true, 0), (true, 1) }", Print(map1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Set) {
  const unsigned int a[] = { 3, 0, 5 };
  set<unsigned int> set1(a, a + 3);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 0, 3, 5 }", Print(set1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiSet) {
  const int a[] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };
  multiset<int> set1(a, a + 5);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 5 }", Print(set1));
}


TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, SinglyLinkedList) {
  int a[] = { 9, 2, 8 };
  const std::forward_list<int> ints(a, a + 3);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 9, 2, 8 }", Print(ints));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Pair) {
  pair<const bool, int> p(true, 5);
  EXPECT_EQ("(true, 5)", Print(p));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Vector) {
  vector<int> v;
  v.push_back(1);
  v.push_back(2);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2 }", Print(v));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, LongSequence) {
  const int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };
  const vector<int> v(a, a + 100);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, "
            "0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ... }", Print(v));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NestedContainer) {
  const int a1[] = { 1, 2 };
  const int a2[] = { 3, 4, 5 };
  const list<int> l1(a1, a1 + 2);
  const list<int> l2(a2, a2 + 3);

  vector<list<int> > v;
  v.push_back(l1);
  v.push_back(l2);
  EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }", Print(v));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneDimensionalNativeArray) {
  const int a[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
  NativeArray<int> b(a, 3, RelationToSourceReference());
  EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3 }", Print(b));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, TwoDimensionalNativeArray) {
  const int a[2][3] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
  NativeArray<int[3]> b(a, 2, RelationToSourceReference());
  EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }", Print(b));
}

// Tests that a class named iterator isn't treated as a container.

struct iterator {
  char x;
};

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Iterator) {
  iterator it = {};
  EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));
}

// Tests that a class named const_iterator isn't treated as a container.

struct const_iterator {
  char x;
};

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, ConstIterator) {
  const_iterator it = {};
  EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));
}

// Tests printing ::std::tuples.

// Tuples of various arities.
TEST(PrintStdTupleTest, VariousSizes) {
  ::std::tuple<> t0;
  EXPECT_EQ("()", Print(t0));

  ::std::tuple<int> t1(5);
  EXPECT_EQ("(5)", Print(t1));

  ::std::tuple<char, bool> t2('a', true);
  EXPECT_EQ("('a' (97, 0x61), true)", Print(t2));

  ::std::tuple<bool, int, int> t3(false, 2, 3);
  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3)", Print(t3));

  ::std::tuple<bool, int, int, int> t4(false, 2, 3, 4);
  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4)", Print(t4));

  const char* const str = "8";
  ::std::tuple<bool, char, short, int32_t, int64_t, float, double,  // NOLINT
               const char*, void*, std::string>
      t10(false, 'a', static_cast<short>(3), 4, 5, 1.5F, -2.5, str,  // NOLINT
          nullptr, "10");
  EXPECT_EQ("(false, 'a' (97, 0x61), 3, 4, 5, 1.5, -2.5, " + PrintPointer(str) +
            " pointing to \"8\", NULL, \"10\")",
            Print(t10));
}

// Nested tuples.
TEST(PrintStdTupleTest, NestedTuple) {
  ::std::tuple< ::std::tuple<int, bool>, char> nested(
      ::std::make_tuple(5, true), 'a');
  EXPECT_EQ("((5, true), 'a' (97, 0x61))", Print(nested));
}

TEST(PrintNullptrT, Basic) {
  EXPECT_EQ("(nullptr)", Print(nullptr));
}

TEST(PrintReferenceWrapper, Printable) {
  int x = 5;
  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 5", Print(std::ref(x)));
  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 5", Print(std::cref(x)));
}

TEST(PrintReferenceWrapper, Unprintable) {
  ::foo::UnprintableInFoo up;
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "@" + PrintPointer(&up) +
          " 16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
      Print(std::ref(up)));
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "@" + PrintPointer(&up) +
          " 16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
      Print(std::cref(up)));
}

// Tests printing user-defined unprintable types.

// Unprintable types in the global namespace.
TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {
  EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>",
            Print(UnprintableTemplateInGlobal<char>()));
}

// Unprintable types in a user namespace.
TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {
  EXPECT_EQ("16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
            Print(::foo::UnprintableInFoo()));
}

// Unprintable types are that too big to be printed completely.

struct Big {
  Big() { memset(array, 0, sizeof(array)); }
  char array[257];
};

TEST(PrintUnpritableTypeTest, BigObject) {
  EXPECT_EQ("257-byte object <00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
            "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
            "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
            "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 ... 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
            "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
            "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
            "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00>",
            Print(Big()));
}

// Tests printing user-defined streamable types.

// Streamable types in the global namespace.
TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {
  StreamableInGlobal x;
  EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal", Print(x));
  EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal*", Print(&x));
}

// Printable template types in a user namespace.
TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, TemplateTypeInUserNamespace) {
  EXPECT_EQ("StreamableTemplateInFoo: 0",
            Print(::foo::StreamableTemplateInFoo<int>()));
}

// Tests printing a user-defined recursive container type that has a <<
// operator.
TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, PathLikeInUserNamespace) {
  ::foo::PathLike x;
  EXPECT_EQ("Streamable-PathLike", Print(x));
  const ::foo::PathLike cx;
  EXPECT_EQ("Streamable-PathLike", Print(cx));
}

// Tests printing user-defined types that have a PrintTo() function.
TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {
  EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintTo: 0",
            Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintTo()));
}

// Tests printing a pointer to a user-defined type that has a <<
// operator for its pointer.
TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, PointerInUserNamespace) {
  ::foo::PointerPrintable x;
  EXPECT_EQ("PointerPrintable*", Print(&x));
}

// Tests printing user-defined class template that have a PrintTo() function.
TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, TemplateInUserNamespace) {
  EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: 5",
            Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<int>(5)));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints both the address and the
// value of a reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, PrintsAddressAndValue) {
  int n = 5;
  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&n) + " 5", PrintByRef(n));

  int a[2][3] = {
    { 0, 1, 2 },
    { 3, 4, 5 }
  };
  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(a) + " { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }",
            PrintByRef(a));

  const ::foo::UnprintableInFoo x;
  EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 16-byte object "
            "<EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
            PrintByRef(x));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints a function pointer passed by
// reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesFunctionPointer) {
  void (*fp)(int n) = &MyFunction;
  const std::string fp_pointer_string =
      PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&fp));
  // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
  // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
  // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
  // this limitation.
  const std::string fp_string = PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
      reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(fp)));
  EXPECT_EQ("@" + fp_pointer_string + " " + fp_string,
            PrintByRef(fp));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints a member function pointer
// passed by reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberFunctionPointer) {
  int (Foo::*p)(char ch) = &Foo::MyMethod;
  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
      PrintByRef(p),
      "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p)) + " " +
          Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));

  char (Foo::*p2)(int n) = &Foo::MyVirtualMethod;
  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
      PrintByRef(p2),
      "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p2)) + " " +
          Print(sizeof(p2)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints a member variable pointer
// passed by reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberVariablePointer) {
  int Foo::*p = &Foo::value;  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
      PrintByRef(p),
      "@" + PrintPointer(&p) + " " + Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests that FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(), which is used to print
// an operand in a comparison assertion (e.g. ASSERT_EQ) when the assertion
// fails, formats the operand in the desired way.

// scalar
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForScalar) {
  EXPECT_STREQ("123",
               FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(123, 124).c_str());
}

// non-char pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForNonCharPointer) {
  int n = 0;
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&n),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&n, &n).c_str());
}

// non-char array
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, FormatsNonCharArrayAsPointer) {
  // In expression 'array == x', 'array' is compared by pointer.
  // Therefore we want to print an array operand as a pointer.
  int n[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(n),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(n, n).c_str());
}

// Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared with another pointer.
// In this case we want to print it as a raw pointer, as the comparison is by
// pointer.

// char pointer vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsPointer) {
  // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char
  // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we
  // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a C string (we don't
  // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid C string).

  // const char*
  const char* s = "hello";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());

  // char*
  char ch = 'a';
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());
}

// wchar_t pointer vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsPointer) {
  // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char
  // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we
  // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a wide C string (we don't
  // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid wide C string).

  // const wchar_t*
  const wchar_t* s = L"hello";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());

  // wchar_t*
  wchar_t ch = L'a';
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());
}

// Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared to a string object.
// In this case we want to print the char pointer as a C string.

// char pointer vs std::string
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsStdString) {
  const char* s = "hello \"world";
  EXPECT_STREQ("\"hello \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
               FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::string()).c_str());

  // char*
  char str[] = "hi\1";
  char* p = str;
  EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
               FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::string()).c_str());
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
// wchar_t pointer vs std::wstring
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsStdWString) {
  const wchar_t* s = L"hi \"world";
  EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
               FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::wstring()).c_str());

  // wchar_t*
  wchar_t str[] = L"hi\1";
  wchar_t* p = str;
  EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
               FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::wstring()).c_str());
}
#endif

// Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a pointer or array.
// In this case we want to print the array as a row pointer, as the comparison
// is by pointer.

// char array vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsPointer) {
  char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
  char* p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());
}

// char array vs char array
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsCharArray) {
  const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());
}

// wchar_t array vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsPointer) {
  wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";
  wchar_t* p = nullptr;
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());
}

// wchar_t array vs wchar_t array
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsWCharArray) {
  const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
            FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());
}

// Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a string object.
// In this case we want to print the array as a C string.

// char array vs std::string
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsStdString) {
  const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
  EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi \\\"world\\\"\"",  // The content should be escaped.
               FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::string()).c_str());
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
// wchar_t array vs std::wstring
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsStdWString) {
  const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"w\0rld\"";
  EXPECT_STREQ(
      "L\"hi \\\"w\"",  // The content should be escaped.
                        // Embedded NUL terminates the string.
      FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::wstring()).c_str());
}
#endif

// Useful for testing PrintToString().  We cannot use EXPECT_EQ()
// there as its implementation uses PrintToString().  The caller must
// ensure that 'value' has no side effect.
#define EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(value, expected_string)         \
  EXPECT_TRUE(PrintToString(value) == (expected_string))        \
      << " where " #value " prints as " << (PrintToString(value))

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForScalar) {
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(123, "123");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToConstChar) {
  const char* p = "hello";
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToNonConstChar) {
  char s[] = "hello";
  char* p = s;
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToConstChar) {
  const char* p = "hello\n";
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\n\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToNonConstChar) {
  char s[] = "hello\1";
  char* p = s;
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\x1\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForArray) {
  int n[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(n, "{ 1, 2, 3 }");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArray) {
  char s[] = "hello";
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(s, "\"hello\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArrayWithEmbeddedNul) {
  const char str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");

  char mutable_str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(mutable_str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");
}

  TEST(PrintToStringTest, ContainsNonLatin) {
  // Sanity test with valid UTF-8. Prints both in hex and as text.
  std::string non_ascii_str = ::std::string("오전 4:30");
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(non_ascii_str,
                          "\"\\xEC\\x98\\xA4\\xEC\\xA0\\x84 4:30\"\n"
                          "    As Text: \"오전 4:30\"");
  non_ascii_str = ::std::string("From ä — ẑ");
  EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(non_ascii_str,
                          "\"From \\xC3\\xA4 \\xE2\\x80\\x94 \\xE1\\xBA\\x91\""
                          "\n    As Text: \"From ä — ẑ\"");
}

TEST(IsValidUTF8Test, IllFormedUTF8) {
  // The following test strings are ill-formed UTF-8 and are printed
  // as hex only (or ASCII, in case of ASCII bytes) because IsValidUTF8() is
  // expected to fail, thus output does not contain "As Text:".

  static const char *const kTestdata[][2] = {
    // 2-byte lead byte followed by a single-byte character.
    {"\xC3\x74", "\"\\xC3t\""},
    // Valid 2-byte character followed by an orphan trail byte.
    {"\xC3\x84\xA4", "\"\\xC3\\x84\\xA4\""},
    // Lead byte without trail byte.
    {"abc\xC3", "\"abc\\xC3\""},
    // 3-byte lead byte, single-byte character, orphan trail byte.
    {"x\xE2\x70\x94", "\"x\\xE2p\\x94\""},
    // Truncated 3-byte character.
    {"\xE2\x80", "\"\\xE2\\x80\""},
    // Truncated 3-byte character followed by valid 2-byte char.
    {"\xE2\x80\xC3\x84", "\"\\xE2\\x80\\xC3\\x84\""},
    // Truncated 3-byte character followed by a single-byte character.
    {"\xE2\x80\x7A", "\"\\xE2\\x80z\""},
    // 3-byte lead byte followed by valid 3-byte character.
    {"\xE2\xE2\x80\x94", "\"\\xE2\\xE2\\x80\\x94\""},
    // 4-byte lead byte followed by valid 3-byte character.
    {"\xF0\xE2\x80\x94", "\"\\xF0\\xE2\\x80\\x94\""},
    // Truncated 4-byte character.
    {"\xF0\xE2\x80", "\"\\xF0\\xE2\\x80\""},
     // Invalid UTF-8 byte sequences embedded in other chars.
    {"abc\xE2\x80\x94\xC3\x74xyc", "\"abc\\xE2\\x80\\x94\\xC3txyc\""},
    {"abc\xC3\x84\xE2\x80\xC3\x84xyz",
     "\"abc\\xC3\\x84\\xE2\\x80\\xC3\\x84xyz\""},
    // Non-shortest UTF-8 byte sequences are also ill-formed.
    // The classics: xC0, xC1 lead byte.
    {"\xC0\x80", "\"\\xC0\\x80\""},
    {"\xC1\x81", "\"\\xC1\\x81\""},
    // Non-shortest sequences.
    {"\xE0\x80\x80", "\"\\xE0\\x80\\x80\""},
    {"\xf0\x80\x80\x80", "\"\\xF0\\x80\\x80\\x80\""},
    // Last valid code point before surrogate range, should be printed as text,
    // too.
    {"\xED\x9F\xBF", "\"\\xED\\x9F\\xBF\"\n    As Text: \"퟿\""},
    // Start of surrogate lead. Surrogates are not printed as text.
    {"\xED\xA0\x80", "\"\\xED\\xA0\\x80\""},
    // Last non-private surrogate lead.
    {"\xED\xAD\xBF", "\"\\xED\\xAD\\xBF\""},
    // First private-use surrogate lead.
    {"\xED\xAE\x80", "\"\\xED\\xAE\\x80\""},
    // Last private-use surrogate lead.
    {"\xED\xAF\xBF", "\"\\xED\\xAF\\xBF\""},
    // Mid-point of surrogate trail.
    {"\xED\xB3\xBF", "\"\\xED\\xB3\\xBF\""},
    // First valid code point after surrogate range, should be printed as text,
    // too.
    {"\xEE\x80\x80", "\"\\xEE\\x80\\x80\"\n    As Text: \"\""}
  };

  for (int i = 0; i < int(sizeof(kTestdata)/sizeof(kTestdata[0])); ++i) {
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(kTestdata[i][0], kTestdata[i][1]);
  }
}

#undef EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {
  ::std::stringstream ss;
  UniversalTersePrint(123, &ss);
  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForReference) {
  const int& n = 123;
  ::std::stringstream ss;
  UniversalTersePrint(n, &ss);
  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForCString) {
  const char* s1 = "abc";
  ::std::stringstream ss1;
  UniversalTersePrint(s1, &ss1);
  EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss1.str());

  char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);
  ::std::stringstream ss2;
  UniversalTersePrint(s2, &ss2);
  EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss2.str());

  const char* s3 = nullptr;
  ::std::stringstream ss3;
  UniversalTersePrint(s3, &ss3);
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {
  ::std::stringstream ss;
  UniversalPrint(123, &ss);
  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForReference) {
  const int& n = 123;
  ::std::stringstream ss;
  UniversalPrint(n, &ss);
  EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCString) {
  const char* s1 = "abc";
  ::std::stringstream ss1;
  UniversalPrint(s1, &ss1);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s1) + " pointing to \"abc\"", std::string(ss1.str()));

  char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);
  ::std::stringstream ss2;
  UniversalPrint(s2, &ss2);
  EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s2) + " pointing to \"abc\"", std::string(ss2.str()));

  const char* s3 = nullptr;
  ::std::stringstream ss3;
  UniversalPrint(s3, &ss3);
  EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCharArray) {
  const char str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";
  ::std::stringstream ss1;
  UniversalPrint(str, &ss1);
  EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss1.str());

  const char mutable_str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";
  ::std::stringstream ss2;
  UniversalPrint(mutable_str, &ss2);
  EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss2.str());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsEmptyTuple) {
  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(::std::make_tuple());
  EXPECT_EQ(0u, result.size());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsOneTuple) {
  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
      ::std::make_tuple(1));
  ASSERT_EQ(1u, result.size());
  EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsTwoTuple) {
  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
      ::std::make_tuple(1, 'a'));
  ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
  EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
  EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", result[1]);
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsTersely) {
  const int n = 1;
  Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
      ::std::tuple<const int&, const char*>(n, "a"));
  ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
  EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
  EXPECT_EQ("\"a\"", result[1]);
}

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_ANY
class PrintAnyTest : public ::testing::Test {
 protected:
  template <typename T>
  static std::string ExpectedTypeName() {
#if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
    return internal::GetTypeName<T>();
#else
    return "<unknown_type>";
#endif  // GTEST_HAS_RTTI
  }
};

TEST_F(PrintAnyTest, Empty) {
  internal::Any any;
  EXPECT_EQ("no value", PrintToString(any));
}

TEST_F(PrintAnyTest, NonEmpty) {
  internal::Any any;
  constexpr int val1 = 10;
  const std::string val2 = "content";

  any = val1;
  EXPECT_EQ("value of type " + ExpectedTypeName<int>(), PrintToString(any));

  any = val2;
  EXPECT_EQ("value of type " + ExpectedTypeName<std::string>(),
            PrintToString(any));
}
#endif  // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_ANY

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_OPTIONAL
TEST(PrintOptionalTest, Basic) {
  internal::Optional<int> value;
  EXPECT_EQ("(nullopt)", PrintToString(value));
  value = {7};
  EXPECT_EQ("(7)", PrintToString(value));
  EXPECT_EQ("(1.1)", PrintToString(internal::Optional<double>{1.1}));
  EXPECT_EQ("(\"A\")", PrintToString(internal::Optional<std::string>{"A"}));
}
#endif  // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_OPTIONAL

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_VARIANT
struct NonPrintable {
  unsigned char contents = 17;
};

TEST(PrintOneofTest, Basic) {
  using Type = internal::Variant<int, StreamableInGlobal, NonPrintable>;
  EXPECT_EQ("('int(index = 0)' with value 7)", PrintToString(Type(7)));
  EXPECT_EQ("('StreamableInGlobal(index = 1)' with value StreamableInGlobal)",
            PrintToString(Type(StreamableInGlobal{})));
  EXPECT_EQ(
      "('testing::gtest_printers_test::NonPrintable(index = 2)' with value "
      "1-byte object <11>)",
      PrintToString(Type(NonPrintable{})));
}
#endif  // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_VARIANT
namespace {
class string_ref;

class string_ptr {
 public:
  string_ptr(const char* data, size_t size) : data_(data), size_(size) {}

  string_ptr& operator++() noexcept {
    data_ += size_;
    return *this;
  }

  string_ref operator*() const noexcept;

 private:
  const char* data_;
  size_t size_;
};

class string_ref {
 public:
  string_ref(const char* data, size_t size) : data_(data), size_(size) {}

  string_ptr operator&() const noexcept { return {data_, size_}; }  // NOLINT

  bool operator==(const char* s) const noexcept {
    if (size_ > 0 && data_[size_ - 1] != 0) {
      return std::string(data_, size_) == std::string(s);
    } else {
      return std::string(data_) == std::string(s);
    }
  }

 private:
  const char* data_;
  size_t size_;
};

string_ref string_ptr::operator*() const noexcept { return {data_, size_}; }

TEST(string_ref, compare) {
  const char* s = "alex\0davidjohn\0";
  string_ptr ptr(s, 5);
  EXPECT_EQ(*ptr, "alex");
  EXPECT_TRUE(*ptr == "alex");
  ++ptr;
  EXPECT_EQ(*ptr, "david");
  EXPECT_TRUE(*ptr == "david");
  ++ptr;
  EXPECT_EQ(*ptr, "john");
}

}  // namespace

}  // namespace gtest_printers_test
}  // namespace testing